Music Therapy for Health and Wellness

Lilia Grabenstein Professor Lambert Hartman GWRTC 103 11 October 2012 How Does Music Therapy Affect Patient’s Psychological and Physiological Well-being? Many countries that you can travel to, have their own style of music that makes up their culture, which is incorporated into their lifestyles. Music was not only created around the world for enjoyment, but has been used as a form of comfort, a stress reliever, and a healer (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? †).According to the American Cancer Society, in their Find and Support Treatment section, music therapy was developed in during World War II where it was used in US Veteran Administration hospitals to treat soldiers from suffering from shell shock (â€Å"Music Therapy†). From a personal experience, I feel that music eases my tension, helps me focus, and relates to how I am feeling. In addition to my personal experience and connection with music, I was curious to see how music can be even more therapeutic. I am int erested about the profession of music therapy as well as the effects that it has on patients and people with disabilities.For my research, I decided to choose the question, â€Å"What effect does music therapy have on various patients’ physical and mental wellbeing? † I wanted to examine this question more intently, because I believe that music therapy can provide evidence for a new method of healing for people that suffer from illnesses including cancer, disease, and depression as well as mental disabilities like autism. As I started my research, I first wanted to find out what music therapy was and what type of audience it was aimed toward.The first resource that I found to steer me in the right direction was the Music Therapy Association website where I read, â€Å"What is Music Therapy? † This provided me with the basic definition of music therapy and how it aimed to help their patients. Music Therapy is defined as, â€Å"the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program (â€Å"What is Music Therapy? †). Here, I learned that the entire website is geared toward people who find it difficult to express themselves and feel strengthened by the music that the program is creating for them. For many years music therapy has been developing and helping to ease the pain of many patients ranging from various ages with illnesses and disorders. Specialized in this area, music therapists are â€Å"trained professionals who assess the well being of the physical health, communications, and functions of client needs† (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? ). Some of their main goals are to â€Å"promote wellness, alleviate pain enhance memory, and promote physical rehabilitation† (â€Å"What Is Music Therapy? †). The website gives you the opportunity to sign up as a Music Th erapist, attend conferences for the program, and provides many stories and quotes about personal experiences with musical therapy. Although this website was beneficial to the start of my search, I knew I needed more to do more in depth research about my topic.I decided to expand on my previous topic so I searched the LEO Library Website on the JMU page for further research. Here, I found a book called Interactive Music Therapy, where Amelia Oldfield shares her experience from traveling to a Child Development Center where she conducted a study the developmental relationship on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their parents. Since Oldfield specializes in studying children with ASD, I knew she would provide quality information for me to include.For eighteen to twenty-six weeks Oldfield studied ten children and their parents by video analysis, semi-structured parent interviews, music therapy reports, and Parenting Stress Index questionnaires. After hours of recording data at t he end of the study, nine out of ten parents felt the sessions proved to have a positive impact after participating in the program. The children resulted in increased levels of engagement, communication levels, playfulness, and interaction with their parents.Parents PSI levels all lowered, but it was proven that two pairs of parents PSI levels decreased dramatically. The video analysis data was not as positive as the music report, which proved to be more helpful in the study (Oldfield 157-169). After reading this excerpt, I gained more insight into understanding how interactions, communication, and even relaxation levels can increase based on music therapy treatments. At this point in my study, I knew that I had made progress in researching he topic of music therapy and how it increased interaction of children with ASD. I knew that I had to dig even deeper if I wanted to support my question. Oldfield’s study seemed like children with ASD were increasing their connection with their parents. I wanted to learn even more about how music therapy could potentially improve autistic children’s learning methods. In my next source, Hayoung A. Lim shares a perspective of children with ASD in the classroom. In addition to my last research source, I decided to go to the library to further my research.I took about six books off the shelf, and one that stood out to me was Developmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders, by Hayoung A. Lim, which provided me with another variation of a test on children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In a study Lim shares, Carla Hoskins investigated sung and spoken versions of three standardized speech tests, which included a verbal test, verbal with pictures, and a sung version with guitar. This was used to see if it would produce better short-term memory.Through multiple tests with regular verbal talk, music, and music with words, there was a significant difference in learning ex perience of the children in each group. It appeared to be evident that the tests with the verbal music with pictures improved short-term memory, increased communication, created more focus in the classroom. The results of this research was the cause of enjoyment in accordance to the method using music and pictures, which took away from the boring learning atmosphere compared to other methods (Lim 73-77).After reading this excerpt, I came to the conclusion that these tests and studies on children with ASD and delayed speech development started to clarify the first part of my question about the improvement of the psychological well-being of people. This information gave me a clearer perspective of how music and learning combined makes it more exciting, especially for children to gain knowledge about certain subjects. Besides children, I wanted to understand how music could also affect adults and teens.Another great article that I found on the LexisNexis Academic database was about how music therapy can be an â€Å"effective tool in enhancing the quality of life among cancer survivors and people suffering from chronic illnesses† (Wee). May Wong Mei-lin found the Hong Breast Cancer Foundation after she experienced breast cancer herself, where the Hong Kong Music Therapy program had professionals perform for patients. A breast cancer survivor that attended Hong Kong Breast Cancer Foundation, Pollina Ip Lai-chun, joined a program called Melody-in-Mind after experiencing depression after chemotherapy.She stated that singing lifted her spirits and she feels that she has become â€Å"more cheerful† (Wee). In Wee’s article, she included the four types of intervention in a music therapy session: performing including singing or playing instruments, composing, improvising, and listening. In addition, Wee included some studies in her article like one that was conducted in 2009 by the University of Maryland Medical center that found that, â€Å"Alzheime r’s patients who received music therapy experienced lower levels of anxiety and depression†.She also discovered a study from Drexel University by Joke Bradt provided that, â€Å"music can reduce anxiety in cancer patients, and may also have positive effects on mood, pain, and quality of life†. Lastly, another study included from Nature Neuroscience showed that listening to preferred music could cause the brain to release a dopamine chemical that improves our moods. This information created answers to my questions and even expanded on the side effects music therapy can have on the brain. This positive feedback made my research process look even more promising.After numerous amounts of research, I kept finding articles that discussed the improvement in psychological areas, but I was very adamant about learning if music therapy truly could help the physiological state of being for patients that had were in worse conditions of illness. If I could find more informatio n about physical improvement, I could answer my initial question confidently. In some cases, I have heard that music can be a factor in curing sicknesses and diseases, so I was also curious to see if this information was factual.In my final day of research, a study that I read from the American Cancer Society called â€Å"Music Therapy†, included that in a clinical trial, musical therapy provided for cancer patients was proven to reduce symptoms like high blood pressure, heart rate, insomnia, and breathing rate. This information provides evidence that music therapy can help our physiological state. While reading this article, I found the author included that music did help short-term pain after surgeries, but a key factor that I noticed was that he stated, â€Å"there were no difference in survival rates† (â€Å"Music Therapy†).Soon after I read this, I realized that the method of musical therapy might help emotional well-being and decrease in levels like stress , but it would not actually cure a patient of a medical illness. After I searched through different data bases on the LEO Library, my eye caught various titles like â€Å"Music Therapy Cures Stroke Patients† and â€Å"Music Therapy Cures Cancer Patients†. However, the articles and excerpts I read were very short and did not have factual evidence to support the claims. With that, I have concluded that Music Therapy does not help our physiological wellbeing as much as it helps our psychological wellbeing.Although I could not find too much supporting evidence about the physical aid that music therapy provides patients besides reducing things like heart rate, the last article I stumbled upon provided a new angle of vision toward my topic. Although I found many article about curing illnesses, this story provided a unique twist to my research about the use of music therapy in a hospice setting. The article â€Å"Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients†, Sarah Pitts, a trained musical therapist, worked in a four-year musical therapy program at the Hospice of West Alabama in Tuscaloosa.Pitts brought instruments like drums, which helped release tension in children that had cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. Pitts saw improvement in patients who had overcome strokes and had other similar impairments. She even played music for a family that requested here while the patient died peacefully. As Pitts simply played on her guitar and sang for patients, she was able help reduce anxiety in her patients and even a few patients became well enough to leave hospice (â€Å"Music Therapy Taken To Hospice Patients†).This article did provide evidence of physical improvement in relation to patients with physical impairments, however, not enough information was provided that signified dramatic physical improvement. After hours of research spent in the library and online, I found that the art of music therapy provides a healing power for people everywhere. Whether we are elderly, youth, or teenagers, we all can find a comfort while listening to music. The goal of music therapists is to provide an interactive atmosphere where patients can socialize and physically watch a performance wherever they may reside.In response to my initial research question, I have concluded that music therapy is beneficial in augmenting the intellect of children with disabilities, lowering anxiety levels, easing tension, and lowering heart rate, to name few. In addition, my research provided that music therapy alone doesn’t cure cancer and illnesses. There is a possibility that it has cured patients, but many studies that I read concluded that the music only eased short-term pain. Overall, I have found that music therapy has been proven to increase our psychological well being more than our physical wellbeing.I would have to conduct more research about music therapy and its capability of physically curing patients fully in order to answer my research question more accurately. Annotated Bibiographies Lim, Hayoung A. Lim. Developmental Speech-Language Training Through Music for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2012. 73-77. Print. This book provides copious amounts of information for parents that are curious in learning about how they can help their child become more at ease by using music therapy.In the chapter I read, there was a test that was made for children that tested the short term memory of children with ASD which improved after testing with musical therapy. This article is important because it informs us about different ways autistic children can enhance their development of intelligence with this unique approach. â€Å"Music Therapy†. Find Support and Treatment. American Cancer Society. 1 Nov. 2011. Web 10 Oct. 2012. The article from the American Cancer society website about music therapy is geared toward readers curious about alternative methods of relieving the pain o f cancer patients.It talks about the benefits of attaining an overall sense of well-being that patients receive from music therapy at the bedside in hospitals. This article is helpful in providing information about the many physical reliefs that music can help to treat various cancer patients. â€Å"Music Therapy Taken to Hospice Patients†. Hospice Management Advisor (2010): LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. Written for readers who are interested in methods of healing during hospice, this journal article provides how a music therapist improved spirits of patients in critical conditions.This article shares how being part of interactive musical therapy can help patients in hospice to ease their anxiety and maintain their peace by listening to therapists like Sarah Pitts. This information is valuable because it promotes the development of both psychological and physiological wellbeing that can improve attitudes of people that are suffering from illness. Oldfield, Amelia. I nteractive Music Therapy: A Positive Approach. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. 157-169. Print. In this interactive online book, Oldfield creates her focus toward parents of children with disabilities.Specifically, in one of her studies, she observed interactions of parents and their children who took many music therapy tests and structured interviews. This chapter in the book provided that music therapy does have an impact on how children with autism interact with their surroundings, providing that they were more open to self-expression, learning, and interaction while listening to music during the tests. Wee, Margaret. â€Å"Music Therapy is Proving to be an Effective Tool in Enhancing the Quality of Life Among Cancer Survivors and People Suffering From Chronic Illnesses†.South China Morning Post (2011): LexisNexis Academic. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. This is a journalistic article that features a story written for readers who are curious about cures for breast canc er. While music therapy is not exactly a cure for breast cancer, this article provides information about how it acts as a temporary healer for patients suffering from depression and anxiety during chemotherapy. This is an important article because it provides valuable information that can help researchers gain more insight about the healing music therapy promotes. What Is Music Therapy? † Music Therapy Association. 2011. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. This website provides stories about various patient’s who experienced the healing of music therapy. The website provides an opportunity for music therapists to sign up online and join for a good cause. The website provides basic definitions and information about what the association is geared toward. From this there are many beneficial links about AMTA and how it is utilized in places like schools, nursing homes, and hospitals.

Post Conflict Reconstruction and the Resurgence of Supposedly Resolved Territorial Conflicts Essay

Beyond the rhetoric of traditional causes of conflicts which intermittently are also at the root cause of African territorial civil conflicts, this paper examines the question as to why conflict resurges in states where conflict has previously been resolved. From the perspective of two major theoretical frameworks in International Relations: Liberalism and Realism, this paper argues that mechanisms for conflict resolution are often short-termed and often not home-groomed to accommodate the needs of citizens emanating from a civil war. Liberals argue that this is primarily a failure of cooperation between external and internal actors or stakeholders in the peace process. To them, this lack of cooperation generates economic problems and inhibits mistrust which is the embryo for conflict resurgence. In contrast conflict resolution fails primarily as a result of factors emphasized by Realism. The conflict may not have been ripe for resolution because the practical meaning of recognition revealed large gaps between the ways that the parties defined their core interests. Against this background and given the depth of antagonism between the DRC government and MONUC on the one hand and rebel movements on the other, economic wealth of the Congo has failed to generate support for the peace process. Instead, it increased friction and placed additional political obstacles in the way of compromise. The paper also examines the potency of peacekeeping as a vehicle for conflict resolution. It argues that the design and conceptualization of peacekeeping albeit structural challenges like inadequate resources, ill-equipped personnel and lack of a clearly defined and sustainable vision are at the bedrock of cyclical conflicts. In examining the role of MONUC and other interveners in the Congolese peace process, the paper engages a conceptual thesis which seeks to clarify the difference between peacekeeping as a mediator, meddler and interventionist in African civil conflicts. This clarification will inform conceptual thinking on the potency of peacekeeping as a vehicle for the resolution of civil conflicts. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one demonstration of the fragile nature of post conflict reconstruction and speaks to the need to step-up conflict prevention strategies to meet current challenges which have given rise to new trajectories to territorial conflicts in Africa. Despite deploying a Peace Mission to the Congo (ONUC)[1] in the 1960s, and despite currently harboring the largest and highest funded United Nations Peace Operation (MONUC);[2] the United Nations (UN) is still finding it difficult to bring an end to the territorial conflict in what is regarded as the site for the world’s worst humanitarian conflict. The conflict, therefore, seems to protract with each renewed effort to resolve it. Following field visits, extensive reading on the Congo and interviews with conflict analysts and residents of the DRC, this paper assesses the viability of peacekeeping as a measure for preventing the resurgence of new territorial conflict. While most interviewed are of the view that the challenges of the DRC peace process are enormous and complex, this paper interrogates the role of MONUC as a conflict prevention mechanism, and its effectiveness in sustainable peacebuilding in the Great Lakes region. The paper enriches conceptual thinking with the view that peacekeeping as a form of external intervention has the capacity to support fragile states in their peace building process, and to check prospective territorial conflicts if certain requirements are met. Preliminary investigations indicate that, contrary to previous research which posited political, natural resource and cultural underpinnings as causes of the current DRC conflict, the lack of a clearly defined plan to stop hostilities in the East can largely be accountable for the cyclical violence. Contrary to expectation that following the 2006 DRC election, the fragile Congolese state had attained sovereign maturity to govern itself with limited external support, this paper posits the need for dedicated and timely funding to a new mediator who will engage a five-phased peacebuilding process which will re-orientate existent theoretical and pragmatic processes of conflict prevention, and define succinctly, through policy recommendations, a new direction for the prevention of territorial conflicts. Following this introduction, the next section will explore the causes of territorial conflicts in Africa and elsewhere. This section engages a brief differentiation between causes of conflicts and causes of conflict resurgence with the view of demonstrating that if one cannot prima facie understand the causes of conflict, its resolution attempts will be flawed and such attempts will serve as the corner stone on which prospective conflicts will be erected. Section two will engage a theoretical overview of causes of conflict resurgence. This section will examine causes of conflict resurgence as propounded by two main schools of thought of International Relations: Realism and Liberalism. Following this, tools of conflict resolution will reviewed with principal focus on peacekeeping. The Section will trickle down to a case specific analysis of whether peacekeeping as a tool for conflict resolution is a byproduct of intervention or mediation, and whether in the exercise of their craft, peacekeepers qualify to be called mediators or would be considered meddlers. This section argues that, between 1999 to 2006 when the first democratic election in the Congo was organized, MONUC could well be considered as a mediator, but following that period, MONUC till date (July 2006 to 2010) she is a meddler in the peace process which is largely driven by the rapprochement that was reached between the DRC and Uganda on the one hand, and the DRC and Rwanda on the other. Causes of territorial Conflicts in Africa There are contending theories as to the causes of territorial conflicts. Conflicts seem to have a litany of literature compared to other subsidiary topics of International Affairs and African studies. Scholars have thus far not been able to see the divide between causes of territorial conflicts and conflicts which ensue from the impotency of mechanisms tailored to resolve them. As a result, there is no dearth of literature on the causes of conflicts but one hardly finds any one who has contended that an ineffective resolution strategy could spark new trajectories to conflict. Existing literature on causes of conflict is sometimes limited in scope to address on causes in particular. Adekeye Adebajo has articulated political and cultural underpinnings to be responsible for conflicts. 3] This could hold true for the Sierra Leone conflict but in the face of global adversities, his speculations stand to be criticized because other conflicts like the Rwandan genocide emanate from imbalances in the distribution of economic, political and social resources. Moreover, the ongoing Sudanese conflicts have religious/and or ethnic undertones with no element of cultural or political formulations which equally go along way to excavate the lacunae in Adekeye’s speculations. Paul Collier holds the view that conflicts are fuelled by economic considerations. He posits that most rebel organizations cling onto the idea of grievances in order to elicit more public support for their cause. In his hypothesis, he contemplates that a state with superfluous resources, increasing working-age population, and high unemployment rate is most likely to harbor conflict. His hypothesis, though true for many conflicts that have plagued Africa does not explain other cases in Africa. For instance, former British trusteeship of Cameroon fondly known as Anglophone Cameroon has been wailing for a fair share of economic, political, social and natural resources of the country. Despite this, discontentment has not resulted to war or any from of concrete violence as has occurred in other countries. This phenomenon consequently makes Collier’s assertions fluid. Summarily, Collier, Eboe Hutchful and Kwesi Aning argue that there are countries that have experienced conflict where natural resources were not articulated as the source of the conflict. They cited the examples of Chad and Ethiopia. [5] They acknowledged that some conflicts have been fueled by purely non-resource driven motives resulted. This is true with the cases of Angola, Afghanistan and Sudan. They, however, conceded to the fact that in the conflicts in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resources were one of the stimulants among other elements. They tried to strike a balance by postulating that the end of the Cold War culminated in the proliferation of arms, and ineffective post conflict demilitarization, demobilization, and reintegration of ex-combatants which culminated in an outburst of wary and distressed combatants resulting several coup d’etat putsch attempts. While one may agree with the grievance theory, the million dollar question is what are people aggrieved about as to resort to conflicts, destruction of property, murder and assassinations? Is it about Governance? Is it distribution of resources? The answer is definitely far from the propositions of the aforementioned scholars. Because some countries have resource crisis and mismanagement, repressive regimes, and poor governance, but know no conflict. This therefore suggests that there is yet an unknown cause of conflict, and this cause is probably one that cuts across all conflicts. The present paper contemplates that inefficacies in the mechanisms for resolving these conflicts could be the brain-child behind the cyclical resurgence of conflicts in states previously hit by territorial civil wars. William Reno on his part contends that internal warfare is motivated by economic considerations especially with regard to the intensification of transitional commerce. He argues that there is a relationship between corruption and politics. According to Reno, conflict is bound to rise where a ruler makes life uncomfortable for his citizens by encouraging the search of his espionage as a means of escaping from squalid conditions. Reno in his postulations contemplates that the absence of good governance engenders politics as a cause of conflict. [8] William Zartman on his part contemplates that the increase in conflict is orchestrated by the collapse of state structure. [9] While one may agree with the collapse of state theory, the lotto question is: What drives the leaders to run the state aground? Keith Somerville, in his view tries to locate the source of conflict within the geopolitical map of Africa, which was bequeathed to it by the colonial powers. He contends that the colonial boundaries and state lines have led to the potpourri of people who hitherto had never before mixed as a group. [10] This articulation is paradoxical. While it means that even if the boundaries that existed in the pre-colonial time were maintained, there could still exist though at different levels, and with different target. [11] The diverse schools of thought examined above have attempted an investigation into the causes of conflict. They have posited economic underpinnings, lack of good governance, and disintegration of state institutions, religious and ethnic differences, corruption and colonial imprints. The opinions are not quite erroneous but fail to see ultimately that conflicts emanate because the global village appears to be in consonance with the fact that peacekeeping is the first port of resort for conflict resolution. Moreover, the fact that the problems postulated by the above authors have engendered conflicts in some areas and not in some despite the presence of similar factors suggest that there is more to conflict than has been articulated by contemporary research on the subject matter. The present paper contemplates that inefficacies in the dispute resolution machinery incubate further conflicts. This paper contemplates that if peacekeeping tools are tailored to empower stakeholders to a peace process, conflicts will be resolved before they escalate. On the contrast between causes of conflicts and causes of conflict resurgence, it should be noted that if conflicts are not prima facie mastered, it will be difficult to seamstress right solutions to them. As a result conflicts tend to hatch new and probably even more complicated dimensions to it.

The use of Sales Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The use of Sales Tax - Essay Example The drive of capitalism for this country relied on many factors that included slavery, turned raw goods into products, factories, and the ability to produce such a drastic workforce. Hence, Smith’s ideas of capitalism along with an adequate tax system that can power the nation in its quest to be financially solidified. The use of sales tax in America is implemented at a state level and is utilized for education, infrastructure, and Medicare. Many cities and countries have their own special rules regarding state tax. In essence, there is no federal sales tax. Clearly, that is because the population of state tax varies based on population, deficit, and economic growth (â€Å"Rousse, 66†).   Although no clear of sales tax can be found during the revolutionary time period, the forefathers of the country did implement an excise tax on whiskey enacted in 1791. For instance, Minnesota does not have a sales tax. Sales tax is calculated by multiplying the original price of the item by a tax rate. Sales tax is also special in a fact because it is collected at the time of sale (â€Å"Rousse, 66†).    Sales tax is unique in its manner because it is only imposed once during the time of purchase. However, this rule can be modified. For instance, items such as used cars fit this description. In this particular scenario, sales tax can be charged on the same item multiple times (â€Å"Rousse, 66†). The common example of sales tax is prevalent in grocery stores in which individuals are charged with this tax when buying their produce and groceries. Researchers that study economics have comprehensively studies the effects of sales tax have concluded that it harnesses the local economy. One of the key elements that sales tax is utilized for is to fund education. Since sales tax is based on a state basis. Illinois is a prime example of this sales as the school system is injected with sales tax revenue (â€Å"Rousse, 66†). This is essential beca use the money is allocated in a very efficient manner that benefits the economy. Since the housing market is on the bubble right now, the sales tax that is derived from the properties are valuable enough to dictate funding of education. As a matter of fact, lawmakers approved sales tax as a funding source for school districts in 2007. Since the market is on the bubble, many economists say that it makes logical sense to facilitate individuals by relying on sales tax rather than property tax. The debate over sales tax has been the hallmark of criticism and critique. Many individuals feel that the sales tax should be regressive just like the progressive tax. Many people insist that the sales tax imposes a huge burden on low-income families. In addition, the government is contemplating the decision to charge sales tax to online retailers. During the year of 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that retailers don't have to collect sales taxes in states where they do not possess any leverage (â €Å""Should States Require Online Retailers to Collect Sales Tax?† ). Both state and the local government has been urging Congress to repeal that decision and actually charge online retailers a sales tax as numerous bills have been proposed in Congress. Many Americans feel that shopping online is cost-effective as it allows them to skip this tax. In essence, if an individual bought items from an online retailer, they are obligated to owe tax to state even though the states really do not have supreme authority to

Services Sector Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Services Sector Marketing - Case Study Example Having a restaurant and running it is no big deal - people all across the world do that, but not many have succeeded the way that TGI Friday's has done. The business has done a remarkable job in developing its cutting edge over its competitors, doing what others haven't done, bringing up innovation and creativity, that attracts thousands of customers to its outlets all around the world, and has maintained itself and its status as the premier entertaining hang out place, with themed coverage, and instances that create a memorizing impact on the customer, pulling them to come over again and again. Customer attraction and retention is an important phenomenon when devising a marketing plan, and this is where TGI Friday's has been fairly successful in doing a remarkable job. The difference that it has created is what gives it a cutting edge. As mentioned in the company policy, amongst the critical components for the business is the ambience that it wants to create within its environment. And certainly, the business has been successful in the same. Critical incident is a derived form of critical incident technique, in which events and observations are gathered, and these observations formulate the critical incident. Critical incident techniques define process from the point of understanding and witnessing the 'incident' to the fact finding and collecting data from the participants and till the issue is resolved. TGI Friday's can identify what constitutes a critical incident by conducting research in its area or industry specific terms, and it would ultimately lead the business into identifying whether or not it has achieved customer satisfaction. For this purpose, on a general note, businesses hire consultants for rendering their services mainly to identify the variables. Researches reveal that the critical incident here, as also mentioned in the case, would be a busy time at the restaurant. Observing the various aspects related to a busy time and comparing the same to a non-busy time would yield meaningful outcome. Here, observation needs to be done by a neutral person who is neither very defending about the employees nor a very customer centric individual. The various aspects that need to be observed are mainly the delivery time, the professionalism of the servers, and manner of delivery, lag time and other several variables. These aspects should not just be observed but the participants i.e. the customers should also be asked questions about the same. A few observations during busy times, and a few during the non busy timings would definitely yield outcome that have comparative basis and thus can be compared to illustrate whether the business has achieved customer satisfaction or otherwise. Q3: Discuss the relative merits and demerits of 'blueprinting' and 'Servicescapes' as conceptual framework for analyzing the service encounter at TGI Friday's. Blueprinting is defined as a mechanism that portrays in a visual format the procedures and participants that are involved in producing a service, or in other words, it is a visual

Writing about personal learning and literature Essay

Writing about personal learning and literature - Essay Example All three genres will be analysed thoroughly in order to pick out one genre for which the rationale will be provided. Lastly, it will serve to explain how this module has shaped up my creative skills as well as developed an appreciation in me for the literary arts. Literature has always held a critical importance in education. Today, it seems that students need to not only study from literature, but also recognize how it relates to their lives. The genre approach to literacy includes being explicit about the manner language works in order to create meaning. It stands for engaging the students in the part of the novice with the teacher in the part of a professional on function as well as language system. It also means that an emphasis is placed on structure as well as content, in addition to the sequence of steps that an apprentice goes through in order to develop literary skills in an official educational situation (Cope &Kalantzis, 1993). While the number of genres and their portion s have multiplied since classical eras, the dissection of the literary sphere into three key genres (by Aristotle, Plato as well as Horace), is still valuable. These can be termed as lyric, drama and epic, and are characterized by their "manner of imitation," which means how the characters and their action are portrayed (Bakhtin, 1983). Genre studies allow the students to track a certain process to discover and develop an understanding of what makes each genre special and unique. By engaging in the learning of these processes, a student will begin to understand the various forms of writing, in addition to how to write in a more effective manner. Genre theory is an extremely proficient method of teaching the writing curriculum because of its intense focus on the specifics of a specific genre. It also provides the students with a probable way to develop a written paper as well as critique the writings that fall within the various other genres. Genre theory as well as instructions also seeks to provide the educators with the strategies, knowledge and skills to aid all the students instead of just the ones struggling (Derrida &Ronell, 1980). The genre approach (schema approach) is used to teach children about literature starting with the simplest literature form – prose and then moving onto increasingly sophisticated concepts for e.g. drama and poetry etc. Children are taught to learn to understand the different genres, as well as write proficiently on the simple ones during the early years of their schooling, when their writing is at the beginning level. Young children are familiarized with a number of different genre categories through anassortment of books as well as reading materials used during the class (Allyn& Bacon, 1893). Abstract thinking and spatial reasoning comes naturally to many children and is often developed, further, throughout the academic process in grade school and into high school. With many programs paying attention to math and scienc es, there is an equal amount of children who are exposed to, and prepared for, creative projects. Methodical approach to academics may not always lead to the artistic and creative development of a child creative values must be instilled in children, from the very beginning. The skill of creative writing can be developed in children at a very young age. As communication is vital for our society, teaching children to write well will often lead to better communication skills. The creation of greeting cards is a unique way in which parents can encourage the creativity of their children. Even from the beginning of his life holding a crayon and creating a greeting card for a birthday, or holiday, will provide the child with the first exposure in creative writing. Finding creative projects

George Orwell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

George Orwell - Essay Example George was born Brian Arthur Blair, on June 25 1903, in Bengal India, a protectorate of the British government, to a British official Richard Blair and to a governess, Ida. His mother moved back to Britain to raise her two children, as it would have been norm of any British woman. His formative years were spent with his mother and sister and his love for the English language saw her mother enroll him into St. Cyprian. This move in his life can be attributed to so many other things in his life and the reason he did things the way he did them. It molded his perspective on authority and decision-making. When he was fourteen, he was admitted into Eton a prestigious school where he excelled and acquired the bad habit of smoking, an indulgence that would later cost him his life. When time came for him to go to university, which he had qualified, he opted to serve in the British imperial police, a move perceived as his way to â€Å"feel† what authority entailed. He also served as police officer in Burma in a powerful position for such a young and inexperienced officer. He did his duty with grace at first but the inhumane condition and treatment of the locals by the police started to erode his pride and his sense of duty (Hitchens, 143). Four years into the service, Arthur resigned and returned to Britain to pursue his newly discovered passion of writing; a move that did not auger well with his dad. The late 20s found him in a midlife crisis of trying to worm himself into a position of comfort in his life. He did menial jobs here and there while trying to reconnect with his humanity, through interacting with trumps by pretending to be one. He then went to Paris in 1929, and his experiences there inspired his first book, Down And Out in Paris and London. When producing this book, he took the literal name of George Orwell; a name that would survive his true identity. The successes of his first book saw him delve into his

Labor mobility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labor mobility - Research Paper Example Frank Barry said that in the Harris-Todaro approach, perfect labor mobility is assumed (Fodders and Langhammer, 2006 p. 37). Here, migration utilizes utility across locations and it results to complete depopulation. This kind of perfect mobility yields a restrictive result, however, outside options will be held constant, the individuals welfare will be affected. To have a simpler model, let us consider Ehrenberg’s and Smith’s (2003) definition of mobility as an investment with costs at the start in exchange for future earnings or returns in the long run. The mobility decision is influenced by the benefits that will be acquired minus the costs of moving. Ehrenberg and Smith (2003) mentioned that the theory of human capital predicts the direction of migratory flows among workers. Labor will move to economies that offer higher earnings but this does not imply that their place origin has the worst opportunities available. Wage differential is one the reasons that labor migr ation occur. Table 1. Educational Attainment of Persons Going Out of the United States: 2009 to 2010 Educational Attainment Total Not a high school graduate 109,000 High school graduate 87,000 Some college or AA degree 76,000 Bachelor’s degree 166,000 Prof. or graduate degree 122,000 Persons age 1-24 385,000 Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, Geographical Mobility: 2009-2010, Table 1, http://www.census.gov/hhes/migration/data/cps/cps2010.html Education is the best determinant as to who will move within an age group (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2003). As we can see from Table 1, people having a bachelor’s degree are more likely to go abroad. With globalization and the continued advancement of technology, looking for job opportunities abroad will be easier especially for persons with a college degree or higher. They are considered as high-skilled laborers (Vinokur, 2006) belonging to the professional, technical, and kindred or related workers (Martin, Abella, and Kuptsch, 2006 p. 5 5). Radcliffe (2009) cited several ways how immigration could affect a recipient country’s economy. First, there will be an increase supply of labor. The arrival of migrant workers will increase the total labor supply of the recipient country. If labor demand will not increase, the increase in labor supply will result to a decrease in wage rates. Also, if available jobs will remain the same, the rise of labor supply will result to unemployment. There is also a positive effect that is brought about by immigration to the host country since some laborers added have specialized skills. These skills will contribute to the increase of productivity in their areas of concern. Most economists perceive that having immigrants will be beneficial to the country of origin for three reasons (Martin et al, 2006 p58). First, production loss especially in boom sectors will be minimized since the migrants can work on the vacant jobs until more local workers are trained. Second, they can increas e the diversity of work teams contributing to the increase of productivity. Lastly, they can hold down wage increases in their concerned sectors. Though this can be can be considered a loss to the local workers, this can be beneficial to the local populace since this would also imply that the price of the services they provide will still be easier to pay. In the perspective of the country of origin, the movement of their labor force outside the country is viewed in another manner. Brain drain

THE GLOBAL BRANDING OF STELLA ARTOIS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE GLOBAL BRANDING OF STELLA ARTOIS - Case Study Example This number is very low compared to other industries, such as tobacco, liquor, and soft drink industries. Therefore, it would be appropriate for Interbrew to take advantage of this opportunity by developing a global brand and expanding into markets that are unexplored by acquiring brewers in both growing and mature markets. Stella Artois is certainly the best flagship brand for the company. Firstly, it is clear from the case that the brand is doing exceptionally well in the global market. For instance, the global volume of Stella Artois rose by 97 percent between 1992 and 1999, which was remarkable considering the level of competition (Beamish and Goerzen 108). Stella Artois also serves as the best global flagship brand since it has established good reputation in the European market and beyond. According to the case, Stella Artois is seen as the â€Å"European premium lager,† which clearly demonstrates how well the beer has been received in the European market. Therefore, as much as Stella Artois has suffered in one way or the other, it still serves as the right flagship brand for the company. Interbrew’s move to focus its strategies on cities as markets instead of countries has a number of advantages. Firstly, the strategy is beneficial to the company in the sense that it allowed Interbrew the opportunity to offer the right training to its staff. Secondly, the strategy was advantageous since it ensured that Interbrew received wide media coverage. Thirdly, the strategy ensured that Interbrew gained more return on marketing and promotion investment. Additionally, the strategy appeared advantageous to the company since it enabled the company to gain more control over marketing and distribution (Beamish and Goerzen 114). Other advantages associated with the strategy include enhancing brand awareness in the cities. However, the strategy was also associated with a number of disadvantages, including limiting the brand

Costing for the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costing for the 21st Century - Essay Example So that they may experience long-term profitability, careful planning and decision-making are necessary. The primary reason why people engage in business is to earn profit. Companies who have great knowledge in the mathematics of business are more likely to survive in the changing business environment (Foster, 2007). The management of businesses applies costing methods to help them make the right decisions. The use of cost, price, and volume analysis (CVP analysis) for the 21st century organizations is becoming an issue nowadays. Because the focus of CVP is to deeply understand the correlation of cost, quantity sold, and price, it enables the firm to gain knowledge on important financial data (Hansen, Mowen, & Guan, 2009). The application of cost, price, and volume analysis (CVP analysis) is a way to precisely assess the impact of the major decisions that the firm's management has made ("Cost/Volume/Profit Analysis†). The Notion of Value Costing for the 21st Century Organizatio ns There are many complexities in today's method of accounting. Its essentiality to the entire business operation is the reason why the careful analysis of accounting is becoming crucial. The idea of value costing for the 21st century is still vital to any organization, although others seem not to agree with its implementation. This method is undeniably helpful to managers, especially in determining the impact of management decisions to the firm’s operations. The stiff competition in the various industries of the business sector compels the management of companies to seek for precise and extensive methods of estimating costs. Managers who are given the task to gather relevant information for decision making sometimes find it hard to determine the appropriate method to use. Even though others consider CVP analysis as traditional, it is still absolutely applicable in today’s enterprise environment. Managers need to have an approximate calculation of the expected revenues , cost, and profits so that they can devise strategies and keep an eye on the firm's undertakings. Because of these, they conduct the CVP analysis. It gives them a hint as to the extent of operating activities needed to not incur losses. When losses are avoided, there is a huge probability of obtaining the target profit. CVP analysis also helps managers figure out operational risks while in the process of selecting the appropriate cost structure (Eldenburg & Wolcott, 2004). The Application of Costing Methods Entrepreneurs are sometimes careless when launching a new product. They tend to hurry with its introduction to the market without even analyzing the price and the total costs of its production. The outcome of this sudden decision is the inability to earn profit. One costing method used to avoid the inefficacy of management decisions is the break-even analysis or the cost-volume-price (CVP) analysis. It provides an assessment on the impact of the decisions made by the management. Break-even analysis is imperative to any organization because it determines the point in time when the business is able to make a profit (Small Business Development Organization, 2011). It is an effective tool that can be used to examine the total revenues, cost, and profit variable. In this method the break-even point is identified that shows the point of equilibrium between sales and cost. In particular, the break-even point signifies a no profit and no loss situation (Siddiqui, 2005). Usually, manufacturing firms are the ones that use CVP analysis. Apparently, it is because these firms produce a product. In order to determine the value of the product, the total fixed and variable costs associated with its

Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each Essay

Describe what set the Young, Middle and Old Guards apart from each other and from the Grand'Armee in general - Essay Example The Old Guards were the most prominent and were the creme de la creme of Napoleon’s infantry. In order to be admitted to this group, the aspirant should have at least 10 years of service, not exceeding 35 years of age, can read and write, with exemplary conduct, recognized for a brave act, and must at least have a height of 5’10 and 5’8 for grenadier and chasseur, respectively. Men who have received the Legion of Honor Award are admitted even without reaching the height marks. With this set of requirements, it is not surprising to learn that they were the battle-hardened veterans, the most bold, and the strongest amongst the guards. In fact, they were labeled as â€Å"The Grumblers,† â€Å"The Eagles,† â€Å"The Gaiter Straps,† or â€Å"The Supporters of the Usurper† (Yudice et al., French Guard n. pag). Another group is that of the Middle Guards, which was formed between 1806 and 1809. This group includes veterans with at least 6 years of service – the 3rd Grenadiers, the Amsterdam Veteran Company, corporals and privates of the 2nd Grenadiers, 2nd Chasseurs and Fusiliers, and the Velites of Florence and Turin (â€Å"The Young Guard in Action† 4). In 1811, after the disbandment of 1806 regiment units, this division was restored by admitting 500 men with 5 years of service along with 1,000 men coming from the battalions. The most notable account for Middle Guards was concerning their exceptional skills in artillery (Macready, qtd in Yudice et al., Napoleon’s Guard n. pag). Last of all three groups was the Young Guard, formed around 1809. This group was composed of â€Å"newly raised regiments† (Haythornthwaite 7), rigorously trained by Cadres who came from the Old Guards, as well as by the strongest and best educated Privates. The first trained regiments came out as strong and healthy men, as they flushed their martial air with their great stamina. Moreover, the Young Guards consisted of the best

Commentator on the human condition Essay Example for Free

Commentator on the human condition Essay Michael Leunig is a commentator on the human condition who uses simple, short cartoons to express his ideas to the public. In The Plotter, he conveys the message that society operates in a created sense of urgency. The idea is that the majority of the people believe that acting too slowly upon seeing an opportunity means there will be no other chances of success later on and thus must move quickly. Another idea that arises in The Plotter is that life is a journey and not a destination. This is all shown using intriguing techniques in his interesting and comical cartoon that captures its viewers. The episode starts out with an individual character walking towards the left slowly followed by the screen. Every step is taken with precision, taking about the same amount of time for each step to land, and this is emphasised by the musical beat of the background. The music is motion-toned as the pitch rises as a hurrying man runs from right to left, passing the individual. As the man runs past he calls out , and the individuals response is After this, the pitch is lowered again and the individual continues walking slowly. Only in a matter of seconds, a lady comes running by in the same direction and as she passes she yells to which he replies . One by one, people run past him trying to condemn and mock the leisurely individual for not conforming, however, the individual remains unhurt by their sayings and repeats pleasant words as an answer to the runners. The technique of dialogue and its setting out is very important. It tells the viewer that the individual thinks in his own ways, not conforming to the society that believes in the created sense of urgency. This individual has his own objective in life and wants to live by experiencing everything slowly while others try to make him keep in touch with the real world hence the call you wont know whats happening, you wont be clever. Visual techniques used by Michael Leunig to deliver his ideas include colour, foreground/backgrounding and body language. The colour of the background is natural, with the sky in blue and the ground in green as grass usually is. This use of natural colour has connotations to the natural instincts of human beings and thus links with the issue that Leunig suggests. The colour of the people running in the background is darker than the individual who stands in the foreground, possibly containing the meaning of evil in the runners, who together represent the majority of the world. The foregrounding of the individual and the backgrounding of the runners signifies the individual over the other people, as if criticising the world in the background and using the individual character to portray the world that should be as it always is with Michael Leunigs works. The posture and body language of the characters in The Plotter is organised so that the individual is slightly hunched showing the persons humbleness while the runners are portrayed standing tall and strong showing false confidence. Through these techniques, Michael Leunig illustrates a simple and interesting story with deep meaning,

Barangay Information System Essay Example for Free

Barangay Information System Essay Significance of the Study -This study was made to find out that the use of residence information system will lessen the time for the transaction of encoding. Also in using this system it can recognize the person involve in this study. To the Barangay – It will help for them to lessen the time for the transaction of encoding. The system will be the census like having a system of the barangay for all of its constituents and new people who will live in the place. The system will be effective in maintaining, searching and storing of records of all resident in the barangay. To the Residence For they will be accommodated easily for they will have an identification that can be used to access their accounts if there are some changes to be done in their part. It will also be easy for them in requesting some information and services because the barangay had already have it. This will also assure the residents that their information is properly secured and maintain through the manipulation of the proposed system. To the Secretary of the Barangay It will help to organize the record and monitor the information of the residence. Foreign For further understanding of the study, the researchers made use of different reading materials related to the information system. These materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, thesis and other web articles are essential in broadening the knowledge of the researchers. These will also guide the researchers to achieve their target objectives by getting ideas on other related studies and make improvements as possible.   According to Jennifer Rowley (2005), information system are a tool to support information management. Information systems are increasingly being used in organizations with the object of providing competitive advantage. The information systems used by organizations can be grouped into different types such as transaction processing system, executive information system,  expert systems and office information systems. Information Technology has heralded the advent of the information society. The University of Minnesota Research and Training Center has released its annual Residential Information Systems Project report. The report provides state-by-state statistics with long-term trends on residential services, settings, populations and expenditures for people with developmental disabilities in state, nonstate, and Medicaid-funded residential programs. Characteristics of residents, movement and staffing patterns in large state residential facilities are included. The report uses 2012 data to examine trends in residential supports for people with developmental disabilities. The report found that the majority of people with IDD that do not live with a family member live in a setting with three or fewer people with IDD, with more than three-fourths sharing a home with six of fewer people. The report notes that there are significant differences in the data between states for many topic areas, including setting size, waiting lists, and average expenditures for HCBS. O’Brien, (2011) defines information system as the organized combination of people, hardware,software, communication networks and data resources, that control, transform and disseminateinformation in an organization. In partial fulfilment for the requirements in Software Project presented to the faculty of IT Department Ebora, Vanessa Grace I. Casas, Lori Anne S. Rapisora, Sheryl L. Tambongco, Steven CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Setting of the Study The study was conducted at Barangay Katipunan-Bayani which has a approximate popul.ation of 8,000 residents. The barangay is located at Rodriguez Ave. Tanay, Rizal. Vicinity map of Barangay Katipunan-Bayani Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem This discuss about the problems of existing system that will be resolve by the researcher through computerized Residence Information Sysytem 1. Open- source data 2. Back-up storage incase of loss 3. Time consuming of filing application form 4. Sharing of documents 5. File storage Objectives General The researcher aims to develop a system that will help the client to reduce the load of the barangay staffs in saving the residents files. Specific 1. Have a security to secured all the important records of the residents. 2. Have a back-up storage file in case of corrupting data. 3. Have a network-based for easy transferring of file needed. 4. Have a data base for data storage. Scope and Limitation The system is designed to have a security for the records to be secured that  only the authorized person can only handle the system. It can be saved on a folder for file back-up. It has data base for storage of saved data. It can print documents such as Barangay Clearance, Indigency etc. The system cannot produce hard copy of total records of barangay constituents. it did not contain residence number.

Health Assessment Across The Lifespan Health And Social Care Essay

Health Assessment Across The Lifespan Health And Social Care Essay In nursing, there are techniques used to perform a physical examination of the various body systems of clients across the lifespan. The ultimate goal is to examine the social, cultural, political and economic factors which have effects on the assessment of health across the lifespan. Assessment is the systematic or the unsystematic gathering of relevant information, making analysis and judgment based on the available information (World Health Organization, 1999 p.90). For purposes of this project, three different clients will be chosen across the lifespan. Consequently an infant, a young adult, and an elderly client will be assessed. 2. Assessment Of An Infant An infant belongs to an age group in the population that has greater health care needs. However, does not imply that a community with a large population of infants will necessarily allocate resources to take care of this group (Wise, 2009, p. 127). The community may opt to invest the available resources to maintain the health of adults who have the ability to work and take care of the dependent group. The following are factors that have impacts on the assessment of the health of an infant. a) Social factors Social factors have an impact on the assessment of the health of an infant. Social factors include social networks. An infant is brought up in a family which is the basic unit of society. There are elements that can be considered when describing social cohesion which affects the way an infant develops in terms of health (Phelps, 2003, p. 234). The family has friendship networks that provide emotional support which is fundamental to the well being of the infant. The family and the community at large provide the right environment for an infant to grow in health (World Health Organization, 1999, p. 89). The provision of basic necessities is realized within the social setting. Love and care from the family enhances the well being of an infant. Social factors have positive and negative effects on the health of an infant. The provision of basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing and access to medical services impacts positively on the health of an infant. An infant who grows up in a social environment where the family strives to give the infant basic needs ultimately has good health (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 68). However, where such social factors are absent, the infants health will be impacted negatively. In such a case, the infant may develop illnesses due to lack of parental care. Again the child may suffer neglect if the family does not care. There are many cases of infant neglect which results in poor health in an infants life (Mooney, 2000, p. 156). b) Cultural factors Cultural factors have an impact on the health assessment of an infant. Culture refers to the integrated patterns of behavior of human beings. Culture includes the language, customs, values, beliefs, thoughts, actions, communications and institutions of social, racial, ethnic and religious groups (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 73). In sum, health care becomes a cultural construct that arises from the communitys beliefs concerning the nature of the human body diseases (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 116). Cultural factors are central when it comes to the delivery of healthcare services in this case administering treatment and offering preventive interventions. Cultural beliefs influence how a family takes care of the health of an infant who is not aware of the culture. For example, breastfeeding beliefs by mothers significantly affect the health of an infant. Medically, an infant is supposed to be breastfed for the first six months of life. However, it is notable that due to som e cultural beliefs this may not be the case. Again, it is family especially the mother who determine whether an infant is ill and when to seek medical help (Phelps, 2003, p. 200). Cultural factors have positive and negative effects on the health of an infant. There is a need for the family to understand, value and incorporate cultural factors that will enhance the well being of an infant. In so doing, the infant will grow up with unimpeachable health. On the other hand, cultural factors can have negative effects on the health of an infant. There are cases where the family cultural orientation interferes with the health of an infant. For instance, cultural beliefs that discourage breastfeeding affect an infants immune system (Wise, 2009, p. 120). The infants immune system weakens and thereby the ability of the infant to fight diseases. It is vital to embrace cultural factors that respond appropriately the health of an infant. c) Political Factors The political environment in which an infant develops has effects on its health assessment. The political landscape determines how a family and society at large will look after an infant. The politics of the day affect the health policies put in place to ensure that an infant gets the right healthcare services to steer its development (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.89). Also, factors such as political strife where there is war and leadership wrangles mean that there is no time to formulate laws and mechanisms that will benefit the health of the infant (Berk, 1993, P. 90). In addition, a political factor such as war disrupts the family unit where the infant may be separated from the family. In such a scenario, the infant will not get the necessary provision and health care needed for growth and development. On the positive side, when there are suitable political factors such as peace and instability, the family is able to nurture an infant and take care of the health developme nt. c) Economic Factors The well being of an infant is enhanced by economic factors. An infant is dependent on the family unit for provision (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.198). The provision comes from income that the parents get when they work. The levels of employment and unemployment are fundamental where the health of an infant is concerned. The level of income has a direct influence on the health of an infant. It affects the ability of the family in choosing a healthy lifestyle for the infant. In addition, it gives them the power to access healthcare services for the infant. The availability of resources in an economy to satisfy the needs of a family therefore is essential (World Health Organization, 1999, p.100). Disparities exist between infants whose parents are economically stable and those that are not. Where the family is poor, the infant cannot get adequate healthcare which results in the deterioration of the overall health. However, with adequate income, it is possible to access the best healthc are services for the infant. 3. Assessment Of A Young Adult A young adult refers to a person who is between the ages of twenty to forty years of age. In general, a young adult has good health. The physical performance and biological function have their peak at this particular age. Young adults are normally the dependants in society because the other lifespan depends on them. The following factors are assessed to have impacts of the health of young adults. a) Social Factors Young adults health is impacted by several social factors. A young adult who has strong family and community have better health than one who is isolated. Social cohesion is a factor that affects the health of a young adult (Galabuzi, 2002, p. 68). The fact that such an individual exists in a society means that they will connect with other people who ensure that they are well in terms of health. A family that cares will not hesitate to ensure that the young adult is in good health (Phelps, 2003, p. 215). Another social factor that impacts on the health of the young adult is education. Health education cannot be overemphasized in the life of a young adult. Being an active member of society with so much on their shoulders, there is a need to take care of their health. When a young adult is educated in healthcare matters, such an individual cannot neglect their health. Again, the young adult is a position to get the best health services (Mooney, 2000, p. 150). Other social factors that impact on the health of the young adult are behavioral. Social behaviors such as smoking and drinking of excess alcohol is rampant in this life span (Drummond, 2005, p 210). These habits have negative implications on the health of the young adult. These include the development of chronic diseases. b) Cultural Factors Culture as stated above is a description of the patterns of behaviors and beliefs of a people. A young adults culture impacts on how he or she will respond to any perceived disease symptoms and illnesses (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.200). Health practices in the life of a young adult have changed tremendously over the years. For example, different cultures have diverse eating habits. There are cultural beliefs that prohibit the eating of certain kinds of foods because they believe such food may affect their health. In some cultures the young adult is not supposed to eat certain animal foods because of the taboos that the society perceives to be right (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.74). In the end, the young adult in this case ends up missing essential nutrients that are suitable for maintaining good health. Furthermore, there are certain cultures that do not believe in the modern ways of maintaining health. For example, a culture that does not believe in medication diminishes the chances of better health when diseases strike (Drummond, 2005, p 208). However, there are cultural belief systems that support the well being of its young adults and ensure that only the cultural constructs that influence the well being of the young adult are utilized (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 120). The culture of a society is an underestimated determinant of the young adults health and well-being. c) Political Factors The politics of the social environment impact on health. The political class normally has an agenda for the development of the population. In this regard, the government will enact laws and policies regarding the health care system (Phelps, 2003, p. 167). The healthcare system of a country determines the well being of the citizens in terms of health. Therefore, it is crucial that the necessary mechanisms are put in place to achieve this goal. A young adult in a political setting where there is an attempt to avail health services will attain better health standards. Peace and stability in the political system ensures the young adult can access health services at their convenience (Berkman Glass, 2000, p. 153). d) Economic Factors The attainment of healthcare by a young adult is dependent on economic factors. Economic factors range from employment to availability of resources. The level of income determines the quality of healthcare a young adult is bound to get in the health industry (Pattie, Gilleard, 1979, p 83). Where the young adult has a decent job, the job may come with a healthcare package that helps them whenever there health issues arise. The provision of health insurance by the employment company is thus paramount. Also, the accessibility of healthcare becomes easy with a stable economy (World Health Organization, 1999, p 78). Unemployment on the other hand leads to inaccessibility of health services because a young adult who is unemployed cannot afford them. Another economic factor that impacts on the young adults health is location. The economic status of a locality determines the kind health services that will be available (Drummond, 2005, p 205). For example, a young adult who lives in a locali ty where the economy is low is likely to get poor health services because such services are the only ones available. 4. Assessment Of The Elderly Client As the infant client discussed above, the elderly client has numerous health care needs. This client belongs to a group of people who are ageing. Therefore, a lot attention is paid to innovative means of helping the elderly client retain physical, mental abilities and independence. This in return maximizes the elderly clients contribution to the society and economy (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.57). There is a need to understand the social, cultural, political and economic factors that impact on the health of an elderly client. a) Social Factors There are social factors that impact on the health of the elderly client. In fact, there exist demographic as well as social changes which impact on the health of the elderly client. One of the social factors is change in the family set up. An elderly person requires a strong social network (Wise, 2009, p. 121). This implies that the family unit should take care of the elderly by showing them affection and love. This may not be the case because other social factors come into play disrupting the social connectivity. For example, migration of family members is a social factor that impacts on the health of the elderly client. When children in a family grow up, they normally migrate and settle in other places (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.192). This leaves the elderly client with minimal social support which negatively impact on their health. Where the elderly client is economically unstable, he or she cannot provide the basics of life such as food. The absence of love and care for the elderly person leads to a compromise on his or her health. With the absence of social ties that provide basic needs to the elderly person the status of his health becomes poor. Social alienation or seclusion negatively affects the health of the elderly client (Phelps, 2003, p. 212). This normally happens where the social set up does not interact with the elderly client. This way, the elderly client feels withdrawn and can develop illnesses. b) Cultural Factors Cultural factors can impact on the assessment of the health of the elderly client. Culture as has been defined in the above discussion means the integration of patterns human being behavior. Incorporated in culture are customs, beliefs, values, language, thoughts, actions, and communications of various groups. In essence health care is constructed by the culture of a people (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.62). Cultural factors influence the delivery of healthcare services. Cultural beliefs determine how the health of the elderly person is administered. In this paper, the elderly person is aware of the cultural orientation of the society concerning healthcare. Some of the cultural beliefs are good and in particular those that boost the health of the client such as eating certain kinds of medicinal traditional foods (Barer, Marmor 1994, p. 80). It is notable that the elderly client may have preconceived notions where healthcare is concerned. The elderly client has a belief in the traditional system of healing and is not ready to accept the western mode of treatment when he or she is not in good health. This greatly impacts on the health of the client especially where the traditional medicine fails (Mooney, 2000, p.105). There are other cultural factors such as taboos where there restrictions on the intake of certain types of foods. Some of the food types that are restricted are important in strengthening and maintaining the health of the elderly client. The quality of life of the elderly client has effects on the health status. The elderly client should live in good housing conditions with social amenities such as water and hospitals (Gray, Clarke, Wolstenholme, Wordsworth, 2010, p 116). c) Political Factors Every society cannot be devoid of politics. Political factors in a society have both positive and negative impact on the health of the elderly client. They enhance social stability whereby the family set up is secure and can take care of the client. This in turn facilitates the peaceful coexistence within a family and the subsequent care improves the health of the elderly (Pattie, Gilleard, 1979, p 45). Political stability ensures the setting up of health facilities as one of the policies implemented by the government (Shaw, Darling, Gordon Smith, 1999, p.59). In addition, there is enough time to deal with health matters unlike in times of political turmoil when the state concentrates more on peace building other than the health of the citizens. d) Economic Factors To assess the economic factors that impact on the health of the elderly client, is important to look at employment. The elderly client may be employed or unemployed. The age of the client affects their performance at work. Work on the other hand affects the health of the client. Economic factors may force the elderly client to be employed even when their age dictates otherwise (Wilkinson, Marmot, 1998, p.205). The nature of work given to the elderly person should be put into consideration. Too much work leads to a decline in health. There are age-related changes which impair performance and may in the long run harm the health of the client. Some of the changes that occur in the elderly client are a decline in cardiovascular, muscular and respiratory functions (Phelps, 2003, p. 198). Vision and hearing can also be impaired. Economic stability of the elderly client ensures that he or she is in a position to access the basic necessities of life. It also helps them to afford appropriate healthcare. 5. Summary In summary, the examination of the social, cultural, political and economic factors which have impacts on the assessment of health across the life span show important results. Across the lifespan, from infant, to the young adult and finally the elderly client the factors the impacts are evident. There are similarities as well as differences on how each of the factors impact on the three subjects of the lifespan. It is notable that some factors have direct impacts while others affect the subject differently. For instance, all the factors indirectly impact on the health of the infant. It is the family that takes care of the infant. The infants health therefore is dependent on the actions of the parents or the social setting. Therefore the social, cultural, political and economic factors that impact on the health of the infant in the assessment directly affect the family and the infant indirectly. The young adult has a greater responsibility in dealing with the impacts of the above factors. This is because the infant and the elderly client are dependent on the young adult. The young adult has the burden of taking care of their health as well as that of the infant and the elderly client against the negative effects of the factors discussed above.

Smart Impaired :: essays research papers

Smart Impaired Traditional values have always implemented the idea of an intellectual life style, that education is the sole key to success in life. Although there is an undeniable truth in that spectrum in the long run, there are advantages to being stupid when the run is short. Stupid is so politically incorrect, but then it does no harm to the spoken party since their comprehension of vocabulary words whose spelling exceeds three letters is dim. When can you say that you are under no pressure than when you're stupid? Lowered expectations only lead to less disappointments, so stupidity is not a bad quality to have. Smart kids, are two kinds, one whose gift of smart is common sense and one who is just plain gifted. They constantly work their butts off to achieve some award, and in statistical artificial jargon, ninety-eight percent fall to the hell pit of being average students. And who remembers average kids, surely stupid kids are noted more for the last hilarious thing they did, such as irritating the most revered teacher with enthusiastic inquiries about unrelated subjects. A stupid kid is never erased from the memory, you'll always find yourself recalling their incessant wit. " What year was the war of 1812 again ? " I remembered so well when Jeremy Hershonmire asked that question about, oh, a million times. It all sent us laughing about his seriousness while asking the question. There was also a school wide spelling bee with mandatory participation. It was a show that supposedly displayed the accelerated curriculum at our school. After the spelling bee, while most smart kids would of been frustrated because of their failure to capture victory, Jeremy Hershonmire was content with being able to spell the d-i-s in the word dissipated. Stupid people are also counted on to do less work. They are never picked on at math class, so they are not reluctant to incorrectly elucidate Desargues's theorem, or be in the inconvenience of trying to show everybody how to solve a problem. In algebra last year, the class was subsequently segregated in three groups: people who did their homework, people who understood algebra and did their homework, and people who were dunces. Lucas Kaith was one of the dunces, he sat in class everyday and I almost literally saw algebra go through one ear and out the other. And through the course of the year I never heard Mrs.

Admissions Essay - Love Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -  Love Medicine    Love Medicine is a compelling story of love, power, and pride. Its’ collection of characters all tell there own story offering different opinions and views. This variety makes the story very interesting. The reader gets to know each character very personally because of all the different views. Many of the same events are described differently by each character, as expected. But this variance allows the reader to draw his own conclusions and affords the opportunity to know the personality of everyone. The story is quite confusing, however, with the tremendously large and connected families. It seems, to the reader, that everyone is somehow related. This complexity can be extremely confusing and leaves the reader without a solid frame of reference when reading of other characters. The main character of the novel is difficult to identify. It appears to be June, but she is dead and, in fact, does not even come up very frequently in other conversation. One could argue that there ar e multiple main characters. They seem to be LuLu, Lipsha, and possibly Nector. All of theses characters come up very frequently and seem to be the most dynamic characters. LuLu is portrayed trying to gain power in every aspect of her life; at home, politically, and among her peers. And as it turns out, she does attain the level of power she aspires to. Lipsha seems secondary and passive until LuLu raises question of his ancestry. This uncertainty sends Lipsha on a journey to find the truth. And ultimately, he comes upon a satisfactory conclusion. Nector also stands out quite a bit, mostly because he is involved with so many people. Nector's transition occurs when he decides to quit Marie and dedicate himself to LuLu. Although, his plan fails when he finds that he does not have the opportunity. Contrary to what the name implies, the main theme of the story seems to be power; power to women. The men in the story are controlled, manipulated, and at times degraded. The most powerful cha racters in the novel seem to be the elders and the women. They are respected and even feared. This topic is not hidden in any way. Many of the women attest to the fact that they want the men to be subservient to themselves. There is much allegory in the story. For instance, in the beginning, the egg is to symbolize June; hard on the outside, soft and smooth on the inside.

Antigone or Creon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone Essay -- essays resea

A tragic hero is a character in a play that is known for being dignified but has a flaw that assists in his or her downfall. Antigone is a Greek tragic piece written by Sophocles. In the theatrical production the use of power and morality versus law is evident. The promotion to the conflict was that Creon created a law in which enabled Polynieces, Antigone’s brother, to be buried in the proper way. As it is the way of the gods Antigone found it fit to bury her brother causing her to disobey the law of Thebes. Both Antigone and Creon, the main characters, could represent a tragic hero. However Creon is more eligible for being the tragic hero because he fits the definition. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic hero was that the character was of noble stature. Tragic heroes are great, but not perfect. If they were perfect the audience would not be able to identify with the tragic hero. And lastly the hero's downfall is the fault of their own, the result of free choice, not of acci dent. Creon was the king of the city of Thebes and the father of Haemon and Megara by his wife, Eurydice. As descr...

Gang Leader for a Day

Innovate Your Life In the book, Gang Leader for a Day by Sudhir Venkatesh, a sociology student from the University of Chicago starts out simply trying to understand â€Å"how it feels to be poor and black,† and ends up spending years and years figuring out the ins and outs of a gang society (Venkatesh 14). Sudhir receives the chance of a sociologist’s lifetime to see first-hand what life is like in the projects. He follows gang leader, J. T. around and studies his life at the Robert Taylor homes for years. Throughout Venkatesh’s experience he witnesses many things some people go a lifetime without seeing.For example, he was no stranger to seeing people use drugs or get beat up by gang members. One interesting aspect of Venkatesh’s experiment is the community aspect of the gang life. Although it was hard for Venkatesh to understand during his adventure, even the gang had a sense of what it was like to help out their community and how important it was. There were a lot of aspects of the book that showed the sociological perspective of the Robert Taylor community. The book Gang Leader for a Day shows the sociological perspective by bringing Robert Merton’s structural strain theory to life.Robert Merton created the structural strain theory in 1938. This theory states that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its member’s equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals (Conley 192). The goals Merton is referring to is the ‘American dream’; everyone wants to have a good job, a nice home, and a nice family. In the strain theory Merton talks about 5 different types of people that make up society. There are conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels. Conformists are the people who accept the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals.Innovators accept the goals of society but find new means of achieving these goals. That’s where J. T. falls. Ritualists don†™t really accept the goals of society but they accept the means of achieving those goals, they often do the bare minimum to get by. Retreatists don’t accept the goals or the means of society and lastly, rebels are the people who don’t accept the goals of society or the means of achieving those goals but they create their own goals while using new means to get there. J. T. is the leader of a gang called the Black Kings.This gang lives in the Robert Taylor homes in Chicago and runs their â€Å"businesses† there. Venkatesh finds out that this group sells drugs for money but the more he learns about this group he finds more and more interesting ways they earn their money. When Sudhir first met J. T. he admitted that â€Å"the last word I expected to exit this man’s mouth was ‘college’† (Venkatesh 19). J. T. surprised him when he told him that he had â€Å"gone to college on and athletic scholarship and found that he loved reading about history and politics† (Venkatesh 27). Venkatesh came to find out that J. T. ad a corporate job after college and within two years he quit that job and returned to the gang life due to feeling that his â€Å"chances of success were limited because he was black† (Venkatesh 27). It is always said (especially now a days) how important it is for people to attend college now. You always hear left and right that you’ll need a degree to be successful and people often look down on you if you decide to take another route instead of college. People accept college as one of the means to reach the American dream. That’s what makes J. T. the perfect example of an innovator.Although he belongs to a gang which is often frowned upon in society, he accepted the means of achieving the American dream by attending college and getting a degree. Another aspect of the American dream that people accept is having a successful job. Most people would say that an acceptable successful job would mean a 9 to 5, Monday through Friday, job. But that depends on how you measure your success. J. T. may not be considered successful in the eyes of the business world but he considers himself more successful in the gang world than he was in the business world.J. T. has more money than he knows what to do with. He makes his money in various ways. Besides selling drugs through his gang, he also runs three buildings. He would allow people who were known as squatters to stay in the building when it was cold out. They were allowed to hang out in the stairwells and the gang provided them protection for a little bit of money. The gang was always finding ways like this to collect money. They would allow prostitutes to come and live there and some of them would do business there but they also had a fee to pay. Anyone who J.T. allowed to stay in his buildings without a lease would get taxed on their earnings for whatever type of business they were doing. But in return the Black King s would provide them with protection. Venkatesh learned a lot about the gang’s hierarchy and J. T. ’s â€Å"business plans. † Early in their relationship, J. T. explained the structure to making money in the drug game to Sudhir while he planned his move to running the Robert Taylor homes. He calls the Robert Taylor homes â€Å"easy money† because of how convenient the location was for white people to drive over.He also says he would go from making thirty thousand dollars a year to seventy-five thousand dollars or maybe even a hundred thousand a year (towards the end of the book J. T. is making somewhere around two hundred thousand dollars a year). This is where J. T. begins to explain the ladder of moving up in the gang and how he wants to move up. Throughout the book Venkatesh watches J. T. move up this ladder after his transition into more buildings becomes successful. J. T. finds himself going to meetings with the big wigs of the Black Kings and gainin g more and more respect from them.Gang Leader for a day shows a fascinating connection of the gang world and what people would consider ‘normal society’. J. T. ’s a successful gang leader which besides all the drugs and illegal doings of that gang, he seems more like a successful CEO of a business. He moves up a ladder of the drug business just like a regular business man has the opportunity to do. He makes most of his money through sales just like a regular company would. He provides protection to the tenants of his building as a service which for the most part they pay him for, much like how regular services are ran.So maybe J. T. doesn’t have the regular 9 to 5 job or the nice comfortable home but in his business world he is considered successful. That sounds like an innovator to me. When Venkatesh begins his study on the Chicago projects, he plans to use surveys. He starts off going into the poor community and tries to ask people questions. As Sudhir f inds out later on, the people of these communities weren’t so welcoming to new faces. On his first attempt to ask his survey questions, he was stopped and questioned by people in the building.These people did not want to allow him in and assumed he was from a rival gang. His first shot at actually asking the question â€Å"how does it feel to be young and black? † he gets laughed at. Then he asks J. T. the questions and J. T. tells him that he won’t learn anything about the life there with questionnaires and says â€Å"with people like us, you should hang out, get to know what they do, and how they do it. No one is going to answer questions like that. You need to understand how young people live on the streets† (Venkatesh 21). With that, Venkatesh changed his study technique from surveys to a field study.I believe that without a first-hand account of what living in the projects was like he couldn’t fully understand what it was like to be black and poor. I think that there are so many hardships of living the type of life that people lived in the Robert Taylor homes. People could go without eating, or couldn’t walk outside of their homes because they were afraid of getting shot. But oddly enough, I don’t think it was all bad. Throughout the book there is a strong theme of helping the community. For example, when the Pride group comes in and tries to register everyone to vote.Even though the Black Kings tried to dictate who people would vote for in order to help themselves continue to grow, they were educating people on their rights. There were people like Ms. Bailey who wouldn’t let anyone go without eating and found places to donate warm winter jackets for the people in the community. Without witnessing these acts of kindness in the community I don’t think Venkatesh’s results would have been as accurate. Most books you read or movies you watch about gangs portray them so negatively and make i t seem like everything they do is horrible for the community around them.Needless to say selling drugs openly on the streets is no way to live a life, but Venkatesh’s field study brought to light all the good things that go on in communities like these that a survey couldn’t have. I’m sure the people living in the Robert Taylor homes would ask for a nicer place to live or more food to eat and they more than likely didn’t enjoy being poor but Venkatesh proved through his study that just because someone is poor and lives in gang territory doesn’t mean that they can’t be as nice or as crazy as someone who lived in the suburbs.I strongly believe that if he had used the survey method he would not have found these types of things out about this community. Through his field study, the question arises, was this study ethical? There are definitely some gray lines in answering this question. Sociologists are supposed to make sure their participants ar e aware of what the study consists of. Throughout the book Venkatesh constantly asks himself what his intentions were of his study. If the researcher barely knows what his intentions are how are the participants supposed to understand?They are also supposed to make sure none of the participants can be harmed in their study. He also questions the ethics of his study when he watches J. T. beat up C-note for working on cars where he wanted to play basketball. He asks himself how he is supposed to stand by and watch violent acts like these take place without putting his morals at stake. I absolutely believe that in a field study like this Venkatesh’s ethics were on the line, but I don’t believe he would have gotten the same results if he didn’t cross that line.In Gang Leader for a Day I think that Venkatesh proved that poor people aren’t completely poor. They may not have money and might not always be able to afford food but I believe that he proved they stil l enjoy their lives to the most they can. I also think that it’s an assumption that someone can’t be successful if they’re from the projects because your poor and don’t always have the means to get there. Venkatesh’s study showed through J. T. that’s not true. Even though J. T. isn’t successful in society’s eyes he is in his mind because he has the money, the cars, and the clothes.He doesn’t view himself as a criminal he believes that since he’s doing good things for his community he isn’t a criminal. He just has a different way of doing things. People look up to J. T. in the Robert Taylor homes and support him. For example, during Ms. Bailey’s monthly meeting with her tenants, people question how she can support J. T. knowing all the illegal activities he conducts. She points out to these people that the community has become much safer and that there had been less shootings in their area due to the help from J. T. and his gang. J. T. eld so much power in the community and he tried to use that power to make positive changes. He had his younger officers clean up after community parties and did other community service like projects to prove to others that they weren’t always bad people. All in all, Gang Leader for a Day taught me that people in the projects aren’t all miserable, bad people. Sure, they lead a hard life but there are people there that have their hearts in the right place and do what they can to help even if they engage in activities that might be frowned upon like dealing drugs.You see all different types of people in these types of communities. That’s why this book was such a good example of the structural strain theory. There are people like J. T. that use new ways of finding their own success and there’s people like Sudhir who follow the means to achieve the goals of society by going to school and getting a job. I genuinely enjoyed th is book and would definitely recommend it for someone who is interested in getting a wider perspective on what the project life is like. Read and Reviewed by Logan Beck I used academic integrity in completing this assignment.

Sample-Formal-Lab Report

TENS 2146 electric automobile Devices and Measurements science lab 3 flowing and potential drop This report was prep atomic number 18d by L. beleaguer Fall 2009 Prof. R. Alba-Flores Team Members J. White, L. Wall Conducted on September 17, 2009 Submitted on September 24, 2009 abstraction In this science research lab disciples essayed with light emitting diodes. The scholar build a basic hitch with two conducts and immunitys in double. The endings showed that the potency is the akin in correspond. The items that were in series had the analogous incumbent.The results excessively showed that the underway from each tell apart could be summed up to equal the fall flow from the source. The experiment also helped the student to foregather the potential difference drop crosswise the diode was almost the same each time. This lab showed the effects of trustworthy and potency in a parallel tour. This experiment also showed how the ingeniousness was effected by changing the potential. Equipment and materials Multi thou berth Supply Connecting wires A bread board A 330 ohm immunity A l k ohm electric resistance 2 Red directs Theory A light-emitting diode ( guide), is an electronic light source.The set-back lead was built in the 1925 by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a radio technician who noniced that diodes utilise in radio receivers emitted light when certain was passed by means of them. The direct was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, notwithstanding modern guides are avail fitting crossways the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with in truth high inventiveness. 1 prototype 1. Basics natural philosophy principle of an LED LEDs are semiconductors. They volition only work if placed in the correct direction.Placing the LED in the unlawful direction could potentially disablement it. The LED could also be damaged if it was not ins talled with the use of a electric resistance. They heap not be connected directly to a major power source. The anode is the positive end and the cathode is the electronegative end. LEDs are beneficial because they do not require much voltage to be illuminated. The LEDs are great for conservation of nil . When we subtract the LED voltage from the lend voltage it gives you the voltage that moldiness(prenominal) be dropped by the dropping resistor. A abate in voltage will result in a pass of the brightness of the bulb 1. lick 2 shows the electrical emblem and the positive shape of an LED. Figure 2. galvanizing symbol and the actual shape of an LED Ohms law is used to be able to calculate the authentic and the resistance crosswise each of the elements in the spell. To analyze the forget me drug It must be known that the voltage is the same in a parallel circuit. The true is the same in a series. The current by each class can be added up in order to determine the curren t from the source. From Kirchhoffs turn upd circuit law it can be situated that the sum of all of the voltage drops almost a closed loop must sum to equal zero.The objective of this lab was for the student to use their knowledge of items such(prenominal) as LEDs, series and parallel circuit configurations, Kirchhoffs laws, and Ohms law in order to the right way analyze and solve problems with granted circuit. 1 illume Emitting Diodes, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode Procedure First thing we did in the lab was to create the circuit. We created the circuit by use resistors with determine of Rl = 330 ohms and R2 = l k ohms and also by placing the LEDs after the Resistors so there would be no damage done to the LEDs.This s shown in portend 3. The voltage show was set at 8 Volts and past we tested the ranges for voltage and current. To valuate voltage the meter has to be in Parallel with the circuit. Current is measurable by placing the Multimeter in ser ies with the circuit. In preparation for the experiment we built the circuit (shown below) use Multisim. We used shows to function all the required bars and used Ohms law of nature (E=I*R) to solve for the rest. In the lab we set up the same circuit by connecting the resistors and the LEDs in a parallel circuit to the power tote up.Most of the connections were done using the breadboard. We measured current by placing the Multimeter in series with the entire circuit. We set the Multimeter to measure amperes and turned the power on. We continued this using the 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts (adjusted on the power proviso) magical spell noting the brightness of the LEDs and writing down the value given by the Multimeter. We then connected the Multimeter in parallel with each resistor and LEDs to measure voltage. We set the multimeter to volts then cycled through 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts on the power planning and noted the reading for each connection.We then used Ohms Law to calculate the c urrent through as well as the resistance for each LED. We also cipher the entire current to watch out if it matched what we measured. Figure 3 Circuit built in the lab Sample Calculations To calculate the current through each resistor-LED branch, Ohms Law (V = IR) was used. In this Lab the equation used was I Rl = VRl / R 1 Example IRl = VRl / R1 = 5. 8 V / 3300 ? = 0. 0176 A To calculate the gibe resistance of each LED, Ohms Law was used. In this lab the equation RLED = V LED / ILED was used. ExampleRLED = V LED / ILED = 2. 18 v /0 . 0175 mA = 124. 57 ? To calculate the total current that the power submit was providing to the two branches, the equation IE = IRl + IR2 was used. In this lab the equation that was given to use was ILEDl = IRl . Example I LEDl + I LED2 = IE .0175 + . 0058 = . 0233 Simulation Results Multisim was used to set the simulations. Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 shown the results obtained in the simulations. delay 1 summarizes these results. Figure 4. Power supply = 8 volts Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LEDFigure 5 . Power supply= 6 volts Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 6. Power supply= 4 volts Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 7. Power supply= 2 volts Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED evade 1. Comparison of Pre-Lab simulations and actual Lab data Looking at the proportion chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when flavor at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab.The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. mop up In conclusion when simulating the circuit in actuality or in Multisim the LED volta ge, current, and brightness are affected by the fall of the voltage supply. By change magnitude the voltage supply the brightness of the LEDs also decrement in intensity.When determining the factors that are touch on in the brightness of the LED we must look at the circuit and see if the resistors and the LEDs are connected properly. We must also look at the value of the current passing through the current. To determine the current through the LEDs Ohms Law was applied. To find the current we must first measure the voltage and the resistance, and then after finding those two determine we divide the voltage by the resistance. Which Ohms Law is I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance).After finding the current in the LED it is seen that the current is almost equal to the resistor that is closes to that LED. I am in accordance with the measurement that was taken for the voltage supply of 8 volts, 6 volts, and 4 volts just now I disagree with the set for the voltage supply of 2 volts. The measurement peaceful in Multisim fo and the actual measurement value to a greater extent that the other voltage supply ranges. When the LEDs were reversed the resistor and the LED current and their voltages changed to O or r delinquent to there was zero or no flow of current and voltage.The voltage is what supply energy to the components in the circuit. So decreasing the amount of voltage will decrease the amount of energy current, and the amount of current is what determines the intensity of the LED. The pre-lab seemed to simulate more blameless values than the results of the values in Table 1. Due to the fact that there is more human value in the actual measurements than the reproduce ones plus the actual values have been round and round again. The simulated and actual values are truly close in value nevertheless do to human error the values are not and can not be exactly the same.